Liposomal NAD+ Ultimate 1000mg | 10-Active Phospholipid Formula for NAD+, Sirtuins & Mitochondria

Ten clinically-relevant longevity actives in one phospholipid-encapsulated capsule — direct NAD+ alongside two precursor pathways (NMN + NR), a SIRT1 activator (Trans-Resveratrol), two mitochondrial cofactors (CoQ10 + PQQ), a senolytic flavonoid (Quercetin), a universal antioxidant (Alpha-Lipoic Acid), and the methylation/energy B-vitamins (B3 + B12). The most comprehensive NAD+ formula in our range, designed for adults running a serious longevity protocol who want every leg of the NAD+ machinery covered in a single capsule.

The 30-second answer

• Ten actives, one capsule: direct NAD+ + NMN + NR (three precursor pathways) + Trans-Resveratrol + PQQ + CoQ10 + Quercetin + Alpha-Lipoic Acid + Vitamin B3 + Vitamin B12.
• Liposomal phospholipid encapsulation — small phospholipid vesicles structurally identical to your cell membranes, designed to bypass gastric breakdown and deliver actives at the cellular level rather than relying solely on dissolved-into-blood transport.
• Why it matters: NAD+ levels drop ~50% between age 40 and 60 (Massudi 2012 PLoS One; Camacho-Pereira 2016 Cell Metabolism), and CD38-driven NAD+ consumption rises with age — single-pathway support often plateaus.
• Best for: adults 50+, anyone already on NMN-only who has stalled, and serious longevity stack users who want NAD+ supply, sirtuin activation, mitochondrial support, and antioxidant defense in one daily capsule.
• Take: 2 capsules daily with breakfast — several actives are fat-soluble.
• If you want the simplest entry point: see Pure NMN 500 mg. If you want the highest-dose single-ingredient NMN: NMN 1000 mg Double Strength.

What "liposomal" actually means — the chemistry, not the marketing

A liposome is a microscopic vesicle (typically 50–500 nanometers) bounded by a phospholipid bilayer — the same molecular architecture as the cell membranes inside your body. Phosphatidylcholine and related phospholipids are amphipathic: a water-loving head group on one side, two fatty-acid tails on the other. Suspended in water, they self-assemble into closed bilayer spheres with an aqueous core, encapsulating whatever water-soluble cargo is present.

For NAD+ and the other actives in this formula, liposomal delivery does three concrete things:

• Protects the molecules from gastric and enzymatic degradation. Free NAD+ is a large, charged, unstable molecule that is partially hydrolyzed in the acid environment of the stomach and further degraded by intestinal enzymes (CD38 and related glycohydrolases). The phospholipid shell shields the cargo until the vesicle reaches the absorptive epithelium.
• Enables direct membrane fusion. The lipid bilayer of the liposome can fuse with enterocyte and target-cell membranes, releasing contents directly into the cell rather than relying entirely on receptor- or transporter-mediated uptake. This bypasses the saturable transporter ceiling that limits, for example, oral Vitamin C absorption above ~200–500 mg per dose (Levine 1996 PNAS).
• Improves bioavailability of fragile cargoes. Davis 2016 (Nutr Metab Insights) and Hickey 2008 (J Nutr Environ Med) demonstrated multi-fold AUC improvements for liposomal vs standard Vitamin C at the same oral dose. The principle — phospholipid protection plus direct membrane delivery — extends to other unstable hydrophilic molecules including NAD+ and its precursors.

Liposomal is not a substitute for IV NAD+ — intravenous delivery still produces higher peak plasma levels — but for daily oral support of cellular NAD+, phospholipid encapsulation is the most validated way to bypass the limits of standard capsule and tablet delivery.

Why one capsule covers three NAD+ precursor pathways (and why that hedges your bet)

NAD+ is built in your cells from three different precursors, each entering the salvage pathway through a different enzyme:

• NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) — one step away from NAD+, most extensively studied human-trial precursor (Yoshino 2021 Science; Igarashi 2022 NPJ Aging). Enters via the Slc12a8 transporter (Grozio 2019 Nature Metabolism) or via dephosphorylation to NR before re-entry.
• NR (nicotinamide riboside) — one additional enzymatic step (NRK1/NRK2 phosphorylation). Trammell 2016 Nature Communications demonstrated 2.7-fold elevation in blood NAD+ at 1000 mg/day in healthy adults; Martens 2018 Nature Communications, Conze 2019 Sci Reports, and Brakedal 2022 Cell Metab Parkinson's pilot all used NR.
• Direct NAD+ — the finished coenzyme itself. Less studied for oral bioavailability, but the inclusion alongside precursors hedges against any individual transporter or conversion bottleneck. If your NRK1 expression is low, the NMN/NR you take may not convert efficiently — so the formula provides finished coenzyme as a parallel input.

Most adults respond to NMN-only or NR-only protocols. A meaningful subset don't — their bloodwork shows minimal NAD+ rise even at 1000 mg/day. Triple-precursor coverage in one capsule is designed for those people, and for adults 50+ where the salvage pathway as a whole is running below baseline efficiency.

Why precursors alone aren't enough — the four-pillar NAD+ strategy

Just raising NAD+ isn't the whole job. NAD+ is a substrate that gets consumed in real time by sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7), PARPs (DNA repair), CD38 (the dominant age-related NAD+ consumer; Camacho-Pereira 2016), and SARM1 (axon health). A serious longevity strategy works on four levers:

1. Supply — raise the precursor pool. Covered here by NMN + NR + direct NAD+.
2. Activation — engage sirtuins so the raised NAD+ actually gets used. Covered by Trans-Resveratrol, the canonical SIRT1 activator (Howitz 2003 Nature; Hubbard 2013 Science crystallography showing 8-fold SIRT1 activation).
3. Mitochondrial output — give the electron transport chain the cofactors and biogenesis signals to actually turn elevated NAD+ into ATP. Covered by CoQ10 (Complex I–III electron carrier; Folkers 1990 PNAS) and PQQ (PGC-1α activator and mitochondrial biogenesis signal; Chowanadisai 2010 J Biol Chem).
4. Defense — protect the rising NAD+ from accelerated consumption and protect mitochondria from the increased ROS that comes with higher metabolic activity. Covered by Quercetin (CD38 inhibition + senolytic activity; Escande 2013 Diabetes; Yousefzadeh 2018 EBioMedicine) and Alpha-Lipoic Acid (universal antioxidant that recycles Vitamin C, Vitamin E, glutathione, and CoQ10 back to active forms; Packer 1995 Free Radic Biol Med).

The B-vitamins (B3 as niacinamide and B12 as methylcobalamin) close two specific cofactor loops: B3 is the upstream substrate for the entire NAD+ salvage pathway, and B12 supports the methionine/SAMe methylation cycle that NAD+ precursors burn through (which is why high-dose NMN-only users add TMG — same problem, different solution).

The 10 actives — mechanism, dose rationale, and the trial that supports each

• Direct NAD+ — the finished coenzyme. Bypasses all three precursor conversion steps. Used here as a parallel input for adults whose NMN/NR conversion efficiency may be impaired.
• NMN — one-step NAD+ precursor. Yoshino 2021 (Science, 250 mg/day in postmenopausal women, 10-week trial, improved muscle insulin sensitivity); Igarashi 2022 (NPJ Aging, 250 mg/day in older adults, walking-speed and grip-strength improvements at 12 weeks); Pencina 2022 (iScience, 900 mg/day single-dose pharmacokinetic ceiling work).
• NR — alternate precursor pathway. Trammell 2016 (Nat Commun, 1000 mg/day, blood NAD+ +2.7×); Martens 2018 (Nat Commun, 6-week trial, blood-pressure and arterial-stiffness reduction in middle-aged adults); Conze 2019 (Sci Reports, 8-week dose-response).
• Trans-Resveratrol — SIRT1 activator. Howitz 2003 (Nature, original SIRT1 activation work from the Sinclair lab); Hubbard 2013 (Science, crystal structure showing 8-fold direct SIRT1 activation at the allosteric site); Tomé-Carneiro 2013 (Mol Nutr Food Res, Spanish coronary heart disease cohort, 1-year inflammatory marker improvements). Critical pairing: a raised NAD+ pool with no sirtuin activator is a substrate without an enzyme to use it.
• PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone) — mitochondrial biogenesis signal via PGC-1α activation. Chowanadisai 2010 (J Biol Chem, mtDNA increase + mitochondrial gene expression); Harris 2013 (J Nutr Biochem, inflammatory marker improvements); Nakano 2009 (FOOD Style 21, cognition trial). PQQ is also a 20,000-cycle redox-stable antioxidant — far more cycles than ascorbate or tocopherol before it's consumed.
• CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) — electron transport chain cofactor at Complex I–III. Folkers 1990 (PNAS, mitochondrial energy production); Marcoff 2007 (J Am Coll Cardiol, statin-induced CoQ10 depletion mechanism); Q-SYMBIO trial (Mortensen 2014, JACC Heart Failure, 100 mg 3×/day, 2-year all-cause mortality reduction in heart failure patients).
• Quercetin — senolytic flavonoid (clears senescent "zombie" cells via BCL-2/BCL-xL inhibition; Yousefzadeh 2018 EBioMedicine 10-flavonoid screen, ranked second behind Fisetin) AND CD38 inhibitor (Escande 2013 Diabetes — slowing the dominant age-related NAD+ consumer means more of your raised NAD+ stays in circulation) AND mast-cell stabilizer / NF-κB inhibitor (Mlcek 2016 Molecules).
• Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) — universal antioxidant (water- AND fat-soluble, works in all cell compartments including mitochondrial matrix) AND antioxidant recycler (regenerates oxidized Vitamin C, Vitamin E, glutathione, and CoQ10 back to active forms; Packer 1995 Free Radic Biol Med) AND direct mitochondrial cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase + α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
• Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide) — the upstream substrate that the NAD+ salvage pathway is built on. Without sufficient B3, NMN and NR conversion both bottleneck.
• Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin) — supports the methionine/SAMe methylation cycle that high-dose NMN/NR protocols burn through. The reason TMG is the standard pairing for NMN 1000 mg users is methylation buffering — B12 is the upstream cofactor for the same cycle.

Every active is dose-disclosed on the label. No proprietary blends, no fairy-dusting.

Where this sits in the NAD+ family — choose the right product

Our NAD+ family covers seven distinct positions. Pick by use case, not by price:

• Cheapest single-ingredient entry: Pure NMN 500 mg. The standard starting point. One ingredient, one decision.
• Higher-dose single-ingredient NMN: NMN 1000 mg Double Strength. For adults 50+ or non-responders at 500 mg.
• Patented NR with B-vitamin cofactors: Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) Hard Capsules. The longest human research track record (65+ trials).
• Mid-tier daily NAD+ + Resveratrol capsule: NAD+ Daily Boost. Direct NAD+ with the SIRT1 activator built in.
• Pure NMN/NR/Resveratrol/PQQ drink mix: NAD+ 1000 mg Pure Focus Formula. For people who prefer a stick pack to a capsule.
• Berry-flavored liquid drink format: Liquid NAD+ Anti-Aging Drink. TSA-friendly, no capsule swallowing.
• One-bottle longevity baseline: NAD+ 5-in-1 Complete Mitochondrial Formula. NMN + niacin + CoQ10 + B-complex + Vitamins C/E + collagen-synthesis cofactors.
• Maximum-comprehensive (this product): 10 actives, liposomal phospholipid delivery, four-pillar NAD+ strategy in one capsule. Top of the range.

For the deeper choice between NMN-only and a comprehensive formula, see our NMN vs NAD+ guide and the NMN vs NR comparison.

Stack pairings — what completes the protocol

This formula is engineered for breadth, not depth on any single mechanism. To go deeper on a specific lever, add a single-ingredient product:

• + TMG 1000 mg — if you sustain this formula long-term or stack it with additional standalone NMN, methylation pool depletion is the most common silent failure mode. TMG (trimethylglycine) is the methyl-donor buffer the David Sinclair / Brad Stanfield consensus recommends for any sustained high-dose NAD+ protocol.
• + Apigenin 50 mg — the dedicated CD38 inhibitor (Escande 2013 Diabetes). The Quercetin in this formula provides partial CD38 coverage; Apigenin doubles down on slowing the age-related NAD+ leak.
• + Berberine HCL 500 mg — the AMPK leg of the four-pathway longevity map (sirtuins / AMPK / autophagy / senolytics). Berberine and NAD+ precursors are mechanistically complementary; Yin 2008 head-to-head with metformin.
• + Spermidine 10 mg — the autophagy leg. Eisenberg 2016 (Nature Med) cardiovascular mortality data. Different mechanism (autophagy/mitophagy via EP300 inhibition) than the senolytic Quercetin already in this formula.
• + Magnesium Glycinate 400 mg — the universal cofactor underneath everything else. NAMPT (the NMN→NAD+ enzyme) is magnesium-dependent; the SAMe methylation cycle is magnesium-dependent; ATP only circulates as Mg-ATP. Two-thirds of US adults run below the RDA — the most common silent reason a NAD+ stack underperforms.
• + Urolithin A 500 mg — the mitophagy layer (clears damaged mitochondria via PINK1/Parkin). PQQ in this formula builds new mitochondria; Urolithin A removes the broken ones to make room.

For the full architecture, see the Cellular Longevity Protocol and the Foundational Health cornerstone.

Who this is for

• Adults 50+ — NAD+ decline is steeper after 50 (Massudi 2012 PLoS One showed roughly 50% reduction by age 60), CD38 expression rises with age (Camacho-Pereira 2016 Cell Metab), and single-pathway precursor support frequently plateaus.
• Anyone running a serious longevity protocol who wants NAD+ supply, sirtuin activation, mitochondrial cofactors, and antioxidant defense in one daily capsule rather than 5–7 separate bottles.
• NMN-only non-responders — people who took 500–1000 mg NMN daily for 2–3 months and didn't notice the energy/recovery shift the rest of the protocol produced. Triple-precursor coverage hedges against individual conversion bottlenecks; the SIRT1 activator gives the raised NAD+ a job.
• Athletes and high-demand adults — periods of heavy training, post-illness recovery, jet lag, and high-stress workloads where mitochondrial demand outruns baseline supply.
• People who want simplicity — one capsule, one decision. The formula handles the multi-mechanism architecture so you don't have to.

Who this is NOT for

• Active or recent (within 12 months) cancer treatment — raising NAD+ has theoretical implications for certain cancer types. The evidence is mixed and context-dependent. Discuss with your oncologist before starting.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding — Resveratrol is contraindicated; NMN/NR have no human pregnancy safety data. Default to caution.
• People on warfarin or other anticoagulants — Quercetin and Resveratrol both have weak antiplatelet activity; CoQ10 has minor warfarin interactions. Coordinate with your prescriber.
• Within 14 days of scheduled surgery — standard pre-surgical washout for the antioxidant + antiplatelet activity in the formula.
• Severe liver or kidney disease — high-load multi-active formulas should be cleared by your physician.
• Adults under 30 with no specific reason to supplement — baseline NAD+ in young adults is generally adequate; the cost/benefit changes substantially after 40–50.

What to expect — week by week

• Days 1–7: some users notice subtle morning energy, mental clarity, or reduced afternoon dip within the first week. The direct NAD+ component reaches cells faster than precursor-only formulas; the B12 + niacinamide can also produce a near-term energy lift independent of the NAD+ pathway.
• Weeks 2–4: easier mornings, steadier afternoon energy, fewer post-lunch crashes for most users. Exercise recovery quality starts to shift — this is the timeframe Trammell 2016 (NR PK trial) showed measurable blood NAD+ elevation.
• Weeks 4–8: baseline cellular energy, exercise recovery, mental clarity build noticeably. Sirtuin-driven downstream effects (cardiovascular, metabolic) start to appear — this is the Martens 2018 NR-trial blood-pressure-improvement window and the Yoshino 2021 NMN-trial muscle-insulin-sensitivity window.
• Weeks 8–12: sustained NAD+/sirtuin/mitochondrial support. Subjective energy plateau stabilizes; objective markers (recovery quality, sleep depth, sustained focus across the day) settle into a new baseline. Trans-Resveratrol cardiovascular markers (Tomé-Carneiro 2012/2013) typically start showing in this window.
• Months 3–6+: the long-term anti-aging mechanisms compound. NAD+ is upstream of so many pathways that the cumulative effect is broader than any single subjective marker captures. Daily consistency matters more than dose.

Approximately 10–15% of users notice less than expected at 4 weeks — the highest-yield additions for non-responders are TMG 1000 mg (methylation buffer) and Magnesium Glycinate 400 mg (NAMPT cofactor).

Directions

Take 2 capsules daily in the morning with breakfast. Best with a meal that contains some fat — CoQ10, Resveratrol, and several other actives are fat-soluble and absorption is meaningfully better with dietary fat (10–15 g is sufficient). Avoid taking with grapefruit or grapefruit juice (CYP3A4 interaction with Resveratrol metabolism).

If you experience GI sensitivity in the first week, drop to 1 capsule daily for 7 days, then build to 2. The Quercetin + Resveratrol + B-complex combination can be more activating than people expect — not a problem, just titrate.

Avoid evening dosing — raised NAD+ in the evening can disrupt the natural circadian dip in NAD+/NADH ratio that supports deep sleep onset. Morning dosing aligns with the body's own NAD+ rhythm.

What's in each capsule

• Direct NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
• NMN (β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)
• NR (Nicotinamide Riboside)
• Trans-Resveratrol (from Polygonum cuspidatum, ≥98% HPLC)
• PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone disodium salt)
• CoQ10 (Ubiquinone)
• Quercetin
• Alpha-Lipoic Acid (R/S form)
• Vitamin B3 (as Niacinamide)
• Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin)
• Phospholipid encapsulation matrix (sunflower-derived phosphatidylcholine)
• Vegetarian HPMC capsule shell

No proprietary blends. No artificial colors, no titanium dioxide, no magnesium stearate, no maltodextrin, no soy, no gluten. Third-party tested for purity and potency.

Quality & sourcing

Manufactured in a cGMP-certified facility under FDA-registered standards. Each batch is third-party tested for identity, potency, heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic below USP limits), and microbial contamination (total plate count, yeast/mold, E. coli, Salmonella). Trans-Resveratrol is HPLC-verified ≥98% trans-isomer (the cis-isomer is biologically inactive). NMN and NR are pharmaceutical-grade, HPLC-verified. PQQ is the disodium salt form — the only form with published human-trial data. Phospholipid carrier is non-GMO sunflower lecithin (not soy). Bottled in amber HDPE with desiccant for light- and oxygen-sensitivity protection.

Safety & interactions

• Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs (warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel) — Quercetin and Resveratrol have weak antiplatelet activity; coordinate with your prescriber and monitor INR if applicable.
• Statins — CoQ10 in this formula is supportive (statins deplete CoQ10; Marcoff 2007). No dose adjustment usually needed.
• CYP3A4 substrates (some statins, immunosuppressants, certain anti-arrhythmics) — Resveratrol has weak CYP3A4 interaction. Avoid grapefruit/grapefruit juice with this product.
• Active or recent cancer treatment — discuss with your oncologist before starting any NAD+ precursor supplement.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding — not recommended (Resveratrol contraindication, no NMN/NR pregnancy safety data).
• Surgery — stop 14 days before any scheduled surgery (standard antioxidant + antiplatelet washout).
• Niacin flush — this formula uses Niacinamide (no flush) rather than free Niacin (flush). Flushing is not expected.
• Liver or kidney disease — clear with your physician before starting any high-load multi-active formula.

Frequently asked questions

Is liposomal really better, or is it marketing? For unstable or poorly absorbed water-soluble compounds (Vitamin C, NAD+, glutathione, curcumin), the published bioavailability and AUC data favor properly-formulated liposomal delivery (Davis 2016 Nutr Metab Insights for Vitamin C is the cleanest published comparison). It is not marketing — but the quality bar matters. A "liposomal" product that is just lecithin powder mixed with the active is not a true liposome and won't perform the same way. We use sunflower-derived phosphatidylcholine in a small-particle phospholipid matrix.

Why include direct NAD+ AND NMN AND NR? Isn't one enough? For most adults, one is enough. The reason this formula includes all three is to hedge against individual conversion bottlenecks — a meaningful subset of adults (~10–15%) don't respond well to NMN-only, and triple-precursor coverage gives the cell three different entry points to the salvage pathway. For adults 50+ where the salvage pathway as a whole runs less efficiently, parallel precursor inputs are more reliable than depending on a single conversion step.

Should I take this with TMG? If you sustain this formula long-term (3+ months) or stack it with additional standalone NMN above 500 mg/day, yes. The methylation pool gets burned through clearing nicotinamide; TMG (trimethylglycine, 1000 mg/day) replenishes the methyl donors and is the standard pairing for sustained high-dose NAD+ protocols. See our TMG 1000 mg page for the full mechanism.

Can I take this with my existing NMN or NR product? Yes — many people stack this with a higher-dose standalone NMN (like our NMN 1000 mg) for the highest-load protocol. The math: this formula contributes precursors plus the activator + cofactor + defense layers; the standalone NMN raises the precursor load further. If you go this route, add TMG.

How is this different from your NAD+ 5-in-1 Complete Mitochondrial Formula? The 5-in-1 leans toward the foundational/baseline end of the range (NMN + Niacin + CoQ10 + B-Complex + Vitamins C/E + collagen-synthesis cofactor, two capsules daily). This Liposomal Ultimate is the high-end multi-mechanism formula — it doesn't include Vitamin C or HA but adds NR, direct NAD+, Resveratrol, PQQ, Quercetin, and ALA, and uses phospholipid encapsulation. Different jobs: 5-in-1 is the broad baseline; Liposomal Ultimate is the dedicated NAD+/sirtuin/mitochondrial formula for serious longevity stacks.

How is this different from the Liquid NAD+ Anti-Aging Drink? The Liquid Drink is a berry-flavored stick pack format, primarily NAD+ + Resveratrol + supporting actives in liquid form — better for people who don't want to swallow capsules or who travel frequently (TSA-friendly). Liposomal Ultimate is broader (10 actives vs the Drink's smaller active count) and uses phospholipid encapsulation rather than direct liquid. Many people use the Drink for travel and switch to Liposomal Ultimate at home.

Why morning dosing? Can I take it at night? The body's natural NAD+/NADH ratio rises in the morning and falls in the evening — mirroring the circadian clock. Raised NAD+ in the evening can interfere with the natural dip that supports deep sleep onset. Morning dosing aligns with the body's own rhythm and is what every published clinical trial used.

Will I feel something on day one? Some users do (the B12 + niacinamide can produce a short-term clarity/energy lift). Most users notice the cumulative effect at 2–4 weeks. About 10–15% of users see less than expected at 4 weeks — for those people, the highest-yield additions are TMG (methylation buffer) and Magnesium Glycinate (NAMPT cofactor).

Can I take this with coffee? Yes. Caffeine doesn't interfere with NAD+ precursor uptake. Many users take it alongside their morning coffee. If you have caffeine sensitivity, the B12 + niacinamide can amplify the alertness slightly — not a problem, just calibrate.

Do I need to cycle on/off? No published evidence supports cycling. The clinical trials that ran for 6–12 months showed sustained and accumulating benefit without requiring breaks. Daily consistency is what produces the result.

Is this vegan? The capsule shell is HPMC (vegetable cellulose). The phospholipid carrier is sunflower-derived (not animal). All active ingredients are vegan. Suitable for vegetarians and vegans.

How long does one bottle last? At 2 capsules daily it's a 30-day supply per bottle. Most people use it as a daily long-term foundation rather than a short course.

Read more on this topic

• What is NAD+? A beginner's guide
• NMN vs NR: which NAD+ precursor actually works better?
• NMN vs NAD+: which should you take in 2026?
• Best time to take NMN: morning, empty stomach, or with food?
• Mitochondrial Renewal: clear damaged mitochondria and build new ones
• Foundational Health: the 7 daily nutrients that run underneath every longevity stack
• The True Health Protocol page — full longevity stack architecture

Browse the full NAD+ Family collection · Longevity Essentials · Foundational Health

References cited (selected): Massudi 2012 PLoS One; Camacho-Pereira 2016 Cell Metabolism; Yoshino 2021 Science; Igarashi 2022 NPJ Aging; Trammell 2016 Nature Communications; Martens 2018 Nature Communications; Conze 2019 Scientific Reports; Howitz 2003 Nature; Hubbard 2013 Science; Tomé-Carneiro 2013 Mol Nutr Food Res; Chowanadisai 2010 J Biol Chem; Folkers 1990 PNAS; Marcoff 2007 J Am Coll Cardiol; Mortensen 2014 JACC HF (Q-SYMBIO); Yousefzadeh 2018 EBioMedicine; Escande 2013 Diabetes; Mlcek 2016 Molecules; Packer 1995 Free Radic Biol Med; Davis 2016 Nutr Metab Insights; Hickey 2008 J Nutr Environ Med; Levine 1996 PNAS. These references describe the active ingredients generally and not this specific finished product.

This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. Consult your physician before starting any supplement, especially if you take prescription medication, are pregnant or breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or are scheduled for surgery.