Ingredient Sourcing — Where Every Active Comes From

Most supplement brands hide where their ingredients come from. We don’t. Every active in our products is sourced from a specific origin against a specific spec, with documented purity assays for each batch. This page walks through every ingredient family in our catalog — what it is, where it’s sourced, what we look for, and why it matters.

If you want the short version: we use the same ingredient grades that appear in published clinical trials. We verify identity and potency on every batch. We test for heavy metals, microbial contamination, and pesticide residue against established limits. And we publish the Certificate of Analysis (CoA) for any batch on request.

The 60-second answer

• Identity and potency: every active is verified to a specific isomer, form, and potency standard before it goes into a capsule.
• Three-tier testing: active ingredient identity (HPLC, where applicable), heavy-metal panel (Pb, Hg, Cd, As) against California Prop 65 limits, microbial contamination (USP <2021>/<2022> limits) on every batch.
• GMP-certified manufacturing: every product is made in a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) facility, with full label disclosure — no proprietary blends.
• Patent / trial-grade actives where they exist: Ashwagandha as KSM-66, Vitamin K2 as MK-7 from natto fermentation, Magnesium as TRAACS bisglycinate, Curcumin paired with BioPerine, and so on.
• Verifiable per batch: email kdtatt@gmail.com with your order number and the batch code printed on your bottle and we’ll send you the CoA for that lot.

Why this page exists

The supplement industry’s biggest credibility problem is sourcing opacity. “High quality NMN” on a label tells you nothing. “99%+ β-NMN with HPLC purity assays from a verified manufacturer” tells you something. We aim for the second standard. If a product family isn’t covered here in detail, ask us — we’ll send you the source.

Our standard is simple: if a published human trial used a specific form of an ingredient, we use the same form. If a patent-grade material is what was tested in clinical research (KSM-66 ashwagandha, BioPerine, MK-7), we use the patent-grade material. If a generic version is bioequivalent (creatine monohydrate is creatine monohydrate), we use the generic and pass the savings on. The rule is: match the trial, not the marketing.

Our three-tier verification standard

Every batch of every product clears three independent test categories before it ships:

Tier 1 — Active ingredient identity and potency

• Identity: HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) or equivalent technique confirms the actual molecule matches the spec. This is what catches counterfeit or substituted material.
• Potency: assays confirm the dose on the label is the dose in the capsule. The pharmacopeial standard is ≥90% of label claim through the end of shelf life.
• Isomer specification (where applicable): β-NMN, trans-resveratrol, trans-pterostilbene, D-biotin, R-lipoic acid — the active isomer is specified, not just the molecule name.

Tier 2 — Contaminant testing

• Heavy metals panel: lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Tested against California Prop 65 daily exposure limits (the strictest commonly used standard): Pb ≤0.5 μg/day, Hg ≤0.3 μg/day (inorganic) / 0.7 μg/day (methyl), Cd ≤4.1 μg/day, inorganic As ≤10 μg/day.
• Microbial contamination: total aerobic plate count, yeast and mold, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus against USP <2021> / <2022> limits for non-sterile dietary supplements.
• Pesticide residue: mandatory for plant-derived ingredients. GC-MS / LC-MS panel against EU MRL (Maximum Residue Limit) standards.
• Solvent residue: for ingredients extracted with ethanol, water, or other solvents, residual solvents tested against USP <467> limits.

Tier 3 — Finished product specification

• Disintegration / dissolution testing for capsules and tablets — the product has to actually break down in your gut to deliver the dose.
• Stability: accelerated and real-time stability data establish the shelf-life claim. Opaque bottles plus desiccant for sensitive actives (Vitamin C, NMN, glutathione).
• Allergen disclosure: wheat, gluten, soy, dairy, eggs, tree nuts, peanuts, fish, shellfish — declared explicitly per product, even when absent.

NAD+ Family — NMN, NR, Direct NAD+, NR Drink Sticks

The NAD+ precursor and coenzyme actives. The most-supplemented family in our catalog and the one with the most opportunity for sourcing variation. Browse the NAD+ Family collection.

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

• Purity standard: ≥99% β-NMN (the active isomer). Not the inactive α-NMN that appears in lower-cost products.
• Verification: HPLC purity assays performed on every batch by an accredited third-party lab. Each CoA reports both total NMN and the β-isomer fraction.
• Why β-NMN matters: α-NMN doesn’t reliably convert to NAD+ inside cells. Products that don’t specify β-NMN are typically 80–95% β with the rest as inactive isomer. Our spec is ≥99% β.
• Manufacturing route: enzymatic synthesis from nicotinamide and ribose precursors. The enzymatic route is what produces the natural β-isomer at high purity; chemical synthesis tends to produce mixed isomer batches.
• Capsule shell: vegetable cellulose (HPMC) — vegan-suitable.
• Stability: NMN is moisture-sensitive. Bottled with integrated desiccant; cool, dry storage recommended.
• Used in: Pure NMN 500 mg, NMN 1000 mg Double Strength, Longevity Stack Bundle, NAD+ 5-in-1 Complete.

NR (Nicotinamide Riboside)

• Source: patented form — the same form used in 65+ registered human clinical trials (Martens 2018 in Nature Communications, Conze 2019 in Scientific Reports, and others).
• Why this matters: some NR products use generic NR variants without the published research backing. Patent-grade NR is what the studies tested, and it has the GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) FDA notification on file.
• Form: nicotinamide riboside chloride — the salt form used in clinical research.
• Used in: NAD+ Hard Capsules (NR), Liquid NAD+ Drink (NR sticks), NAD+ 1000mg Pure Focus drink mix.

Direct NAD+ (liposomal)

• Form: the finished coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, encapsulated in a phospholipid bilayer for cellular absorption.
• Why liposomal: raw NAD+ is a large polar molecule that degrades in stomach acid and absorbs poorly across the intestinal wall. Liposomal delivery wraps it in a structure your cells naturally recognize, enabling direct cellular uptake without first having to go through the salvage pathway.
• Phospholipid source: sunflower-derived lecithin — non-GMO, soy-free.
• Co-actives in formula: trans-resveratrol, CoQ10, B-vitamins, and other sirtuin/mitochondrial cofactors depending on product.
• Used in: Liposomal NAD+ Ultimate, NAD+ Daily Boost.

NR drink-stick / drink-mix formulations

• Format: single-serve sachet or scoop, dissolves in water.
• Sweeteners: stevia leaf extract and/or natural fruit acids; no aspartame, no acesulfame-K, no sucralose.
• Acidity: formulated below pH 4.5 to stabilize NR in solution.
• Used in: Liquid NAD+ Drink, NAD+ 1000mg Pure Focus Formula.

Sirtuin activators & CR-mimetics — Resveratrol, Pterostilbene

Trans-Resveratrol

• Source: Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) root extract — the highest-yield natural source. Not synthetic.
• Standardization: ≥98% trans-resveratrol. The active isomer.
• Why this matters: resveratrol exists as trans (active) and cis (inactive) forms. Cheap products often contain mostly cis-resveratrol — which doesn’t activate sirtuins. Our 98% spec ensures the dose actually works. Light-exposed resveratrol slowly isomerizes from trans to cis, which is why we use opaque bottles and recommend cool, dark storage.
• Verification: HPLC analysis confirming trans content. Published on request.
• Country of origin: China (the dominant Polygonum cuspidatum growing region for commercial extraction).
• Used in: Resveratrol 600 mg, Longevity Stack Bundle, plus a co-active in our liposomal and capsule NAD+ formulas.

Trans-Pterostilbene

• Source: blueberry-derived stilbene (Vaccinium species) or biosynthesized via plant fermentation; both routes produce the same molecule.
• Standardization: ≥99% trans-pterostilbene.
• Why pterostilbene over resveratrol alone: pterostilbene is the dimethylated cousin of resveratrol — the methyl groups dramatically extend half-life (resveratrol ≈14 minutes, pterostilbene ≈105 minutes in plasma) and improve oral bioavailability. The two stack rather than substitute.
• Used in: Pterostilbene 100mg.

Senolytics & flavonoids — Fisetin, Quercetin, Apigenin

Browse the Senolytics collection.

Fisetin

• Source: Rhus succedanea (wax tree) extract — the highest natural fisetin yield available commercially. Strawberries are the most-cited dietary source but contain only 160 μg/g.
• Standardization: ≥98% fisetin by HPLC.
• Why this matters: the Mayo Clinic-validated AFFIRM and senolytic dosing protocols used 20 mg/kg fisetin pulses — reaching that dose with food sources isn’t feasible. The 500 mg capsule format mirrors the dose schedule used in the registered Mayo trials (NCT03675724, NCT04210986).
• Pesticide and heavy-metals testing: mandatory on every batch (plant-derived).
• Used in: Fisetin 500mg.

Quercetin

• Source: Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree) flower bud extract — the standard commercial source; produces a high-purity dihydrate form.
• Form: quercetin dihydrate (the stable crystalline form used in clinical research, including the Mayo dasatinib + quercetin senolytic protocols).
• Standardization: ≥95% quercetin.
• Why Sophora: this source produces a flavonoid extract that’s low in residual solvents and free of the rutin-co-elution issue that plagues onion-skin-derived quercetin.
• Used in: Quercetin 500mg.

Apigenin

• Source: Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and/or chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) extract.
• Standardization: ≥98% apigenin.
• Why apigenin in NMN/NAD+ stacks: apigenin is one of the most potent natural CD38 inhibitors. CD38 is the enzyme that degrades NAD+ and rises with age — inhibiting it preserves the NAD+ pool you build with NMN/NR. Apigenin’s rationale in a longevity stack is mechanistic: it stops the leak rather than topping up the pool.
• Paired with BioPerine (5 mg per serving) for absorption.
• Used in: Apigenin 50mg + BioPerine.

Mitochondrial actives — PQQ, Urolithin A, CoQ10, Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Browse the Mitochondrial Renewal collection.

PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)

• Form: PQQ disodium salt — the stable, water-soluble form used in human clinical research.
• Standardization: ≥98% PQQ disodium salt.
• Manufacturing: bacterial fermentation — the cleanest commercial route. Avoids the heavy-metal contamination issues that affected early synthetic-route PQQ.
• Why PQQ: PQQ is one of the few orally bioavailable agents shown to trigger mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α activation) in human studies (Harris 2013, Hwang 2018).
• Used in: PQQ 20mg, plus a co-active in the Pure Focus NAD+ formula.

Urolithin A

• Form: direct Urolithin A (the postbiotic), not pomegranate / ellagic acid precursor extract.
• Why direct: only roughly 30–40% of adults harbor the gut bacteria (Gordonibacter spp., Ellagibacter isourolithinifaciens) needed to convert dietary ellagitannins to urolithin A. Direct supplementation bypasses that variability — the same rationale used in the registered MITOPURE and Andreux 2019 (Nat Metab) trials.
• Standardization: ≥98% urolithin A.
• Used in: Urolithin A 500mg.

CoQ10

• Form: ubiquinone (the oxidized form). Pharmaceutical-grade.
• Why ubiquinone: more stable on the shelf than ubiquinol. Your body converts it to active ubiquinol as needed; the conversion is efficient in healthy adults under 60. Above 60 or with statins, ubiquinol may be preferable — ask if you want a personalized recommendation.
• Manufacturing: fermentation-derived (yeast bioreactor) — the same method used by pharmaceutical CoQ10 manufacturers. Distinguishable from the cheaper synthetic route by the fact that fermentation produces only the natural cis-isomer-free, all-trans form.
• Standardization: ≥99% ubiquinone with HPLC verification.
• Used in: CoQ10 400 mg, plus a co-active in the NAD+ 5-in-1 and Liposomal NAD+ formulas.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid

• Form: racemic alpha-lipoic acid (R+S, equal isomer mixture — the form used in nearly all clinical trials including ALADIN, NATHAN 1, ORPIL, SYDNEY).
• Why racemic: R-alpha-lipoic acid alone is sometimes marketed as “the active isomer,” but the published clinical evidence base is built on racemic ALA. Bioavailability of pure-R is unstable in solid dosage form unless paired with sodium-stabilization, and the cost differential rarely justifies the marginal pharmacokinetic gain.
• Standardization: ≥99% alpha-lipoic acid.
• Manufacturing: chemical synthesis (the pharmaceutical-grade route).
• Used in: Alpha-Lipoic Acid 600mg.

NAD+ methylation cofactors — TMG, Magnesium, Glycine, NAC

TMG (Trimethylglycine / Betaine Anhydrous)

• Source: sugar beet molasses extract (the standard commercial source; identical molecule to TMG synthesized by chemical methylation).
• Standardization: ≥99% TMG (betaine anhydrous).
• Why TMG with NMN/NR: NMN and NR raise NAD+ flux. Excess nicotinamide is methylated and excreted, which consumes methyl groups (SAMe). TMG provides three methyl groups per molecule and replenishes the methyl pool, preventing the homocysteine elevation that has been observed in some methylation-stressed populations on high-dose precursor supplementation.
• Used in: TMG 1000mg.

Magnesium Glycinate (TRAACS bisglycinate)

• Form: TRAACS™ magnesium bisglycinate — the patented Albion / Balchem chelate form with verified amino acid–mineral coordination.
• Why TRAACS specifically: the bisglycinate “buffered” magnesium sold by some brands is a physical mixture of magnesium oxide and glycine, not a true chelate — you get magnesium-oxide GI side effects without the absorption advantage. TRAACS is verified by FT-IR spectroscopy to be the actual chelated complex.
• Elemental magnesium per serving: 400 mg (RDA: 320–420 mg).
• Why magnesium for NAD+ / longevity stacks: magnesium is a cofactor for >300 enzymes including the NAD+ kinases that interconvert NAD+ and NADP+, and the methyltransferases that handle excess nicotinamide. It’s also required for vitamin D activation, slow-wave sleep regulation, and ATP stabilization. Most US adults are mildly deficient.
• Used in: Magnesium Glycinate 400mg.

Glycine

• Form: pharmaceutical-grade L-glycine (the only naturally occurring stereoisomer — glycine is achiral).
• Standardization: ≥99% L-glycine.
• Manufacturing: chemical synthesis from chloroacetic acid and ammonia (the pharmaceutical-grade route) or fermentation. Both produce the identical molecule.
• Why glycine in a longevity stack: glycine is one of the three glutathione precursor amino acids (the other two are cysteine and glutamate). The Sekhar 2021 GlyNAC (glycine + N-acetyl cysteine) trials in older adults showed restoration of cellular glutathione and reversal of multiple aging biomarkers within 16 weeks. Glycine also slows down nervous-system activity at bedtime, which is why it’s in many sleep stacks.
• Used in: Glycine 1500mg.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)

• Form: N-acetyl-L-cysteine, pharmaceutical grade.
• Standardization: ≥99% NAC. USP-grade material.
• Why N-acetyl rather than free L-cysteine: the N-acetyl group protects the thiol from oxidation in the GI tract. Free cysteine is unstable and less orally bioavailable.
• The GlyNAC pairing: glycine + NAC together restore intracellular glutathione more effectively than either alone (Sekhar 2021, Antioxidants).
• Used in: NAC 600mg.

Epigenetic & longevity actives — CaAKG, Spermidine, Taurine, Creatine

Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (CaAKG)

• Form: calcium salt of alpha-ketoglutarate — the same form used in the Rejuvenation Olympics / TruDiagnostic-validated Yamanaka-aging-clock studies and the Asadi Shahmirzadi 2020 (Cell Metabolism) mouse longevity work.
• Why calcium-bound: free AKG is unstable in stomach acid. The calcium salt slows the dissolution rate and allows the AKG to survive transit and absorb in the small intestine. Calcium also adds a mineral cofactor most adults can use.
• Standardization: ≥98% CaAKG.
• Used in: Calcium AKG 1000mg.

Spermidine

• Source: wheat germ extract — the natural source with the highest spermidine concentration (and the source used in the Madeo / Eisenberg longevity-trial protocols).
• Standardization: 1% spermidine wheat germ extract delivering 10 mg spermidine per serving.
• Why wheat germ rather than synthetic: wheat germ extract delivers spermidine alongside its natural cofactors (other polyamines, vitamin E, B-complex) — the same matrix used in Mediterranean-diet observational research linking dietary spermidine to lower all-cause mortality.
• Allergen note: contains wheat. Not gluten-free.
• Used in: Spermidine 10mg.

Taurine

• Form: free L-taurine (taurine is also achiral, so “L-” is convention only).
• Standardization: ≥99% taurine.
• Manufacturing: chemical synthesis from ethylene oxide / sulfite (the pharmaceutical-grade route). Synthetic taurine is identical to taurine in animal tissue.
• Why taurine for longevity: the Singh 2023 (Science) work showed that taurine declines ∼80% with age and that supplementation extends healthspan and lifespan in mice and middle-aged monkeys. Doses studied: 1000–3000 mg/day in humans.
• Used in: Taurine 1000mg.

Creatine Monohydrate

• Form: creatine monohydrate, micronized (200-mesh particle size for faster dissolution and reduced GI side effects).
• Standardization: ≥99.9% creatine monohydrate by HPLC. Tested for the creatinine, dicyandiamide, and dihydrotriazine impurities that plague low-grade material.
• Why monohydrate rather than HCl, ethyl ester, etc.: creatine monohydrate is the form with >500 published human trials and decades of safety data. The alternative forms ($30-50 retail) have neither the cost advantage nor the bioequivalence data to displace it. Creapure-grade material from Alzchem (the German pharmaceutical manufacturer) is the gold standard; we source to that spec.
• Why creatine for longevity (not just lifters): the Forbes 2022 meta-analysis found creatine supplementation slows sarcopenia in adults >50 and supports cognitive performance under stress. The 5g daily dose used in resistance-training research is the same dose studied in the older-adult trials.
• Used in: Creatine Monohydrate 1000mg.

Cardiovascular & brain — Omega-3, Vitamin D3 + K2 MK-7

Browse the Cardiovascular Longevity collection and Brain & Cognitive Longevity collection.

Omega-3 Fish Oil (EPA / DHA)

• Source: wild-caught small pelagic fish — anchovy, sardine, and mackerel from the Peruvian and Chilean coast (the dominant sustainably managed fishery for omega-3 raw material).
• Form: triglyceride-form omega-3 (re-esterified TG, not ethyl ester). The TG form has ∼70% better bioavailability than EE in head-to-head comparisons (Dyerberg 2010, PLEFA).
• Concentration: 2000 mg total fish oil providing ≥1200 mg combined EPA + DHA per serving.
• Purification: molecular distillation under vacuum to remove PCBs, dioxins, mercury, and oxidation products. Result: oxidation indices well below the GOED (Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3) voluntary standard of TOTOX <26 and the IFOS (International Fish Oil Standards) 5-star threshold.
• Heavy metals testing: mandatory and aggressive for fish-derived oils. Mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic on every batch.
• Sustainability: sourced from MarinTrust-certified (formerly IFFO RS) or Friend of the Sea fisheries where possible — avoids overexploited stocks and bycatch-heavy fleets.
• Used in: Omega-3 Fish Oil 2000mg.

Vitamin D3 + K2 MK-7

• D3 source: cholecalciferol from lanolin (sheep’s wool oil — the dominant commercial D3 source). The sheep are not harmed in the lanolin extraction process; the wool is shorn during routine husbandry.
• D3 dose: 5000 IU (125 mcg) per serving. Sits inside the Holick / Endocrine Society recommended therapeutic range for adults with low baseline 25(OH)D.
• K2 form: menaquinone-7 (MK-7) — the long-half-life vitamin K2 form with the strongest cardiovascular evidence (Geleijnse 2004, Beulens 2009 Rotterdam Study; Knapen 2015 Thrombosis & Haemostasis trial).
• K2 source: natto fermentation (Bacillus subtilis natto) — the natural form. Some products use synthetic MK-7 which is a cis-trans isomer mixture; we use the all-trans form that natto fermentation produces naturally.
• K2 dose: 100 mcg per serving (the dose used in the Knapen vascular-elasticity trials).
• Why pair them: high-dose D3 mobilizes calcium. K2 (MK-7) directs that calcium to bone and away from arterial walls by activating Matrix Gla Protein. Taking D3 without K2 is associated, in observational data, with increased arterial calcification risk — the pairing reverses that.
• Used in: Vitamin D3 5000 IU + K2 MK-7.

Stress & HPA-axis — Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha (KSM-66)

• Form: KSM-66® ashwagandha root extract from Ixoreal Biomed — the patent-grade, full-spectrum (root-only, not leaf) ashwagandha used in >24 published human clinical trials.
• Standardization: ≥5% withanolides — the active steroidal lactone family responsible for the cortisol-modulating and HPA-axis effects.
• Why KSM-66 specifically: ashwagandha extracts vary wildly in withanolide profile, leaf-versus-root ratio, and solvent residues. KSM-66 uses a green-chemistry milk-and-water extraction (no alcohol), is root-only (leaf material has higher withaferin A which has cytotoxicity concerns), and is the form used in the Lopresti, Chandrasekhar, and Salve trials. Generic “ashwagandha 5% withanolides” without naming the extract is usually a leaf/root mix made with cheaper ethanol extraction.
• Country of origin: India (Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan growing regions).
• Used in: Ashwagandha KSM-66 600mg.

Anti-inflammatory — Curcumin

Curcumin (95% curcuminoids + BioPerine)

• Source: turmeric root (Curcuma longa), Indian-origin (the dominant curcumin growing region).
• Standardization: 95% curcuminoids — the long-standing pharmaceutical-research spec. The three curcuminoids are curcumin (∼77%), demethoxycurcumin (∼17%), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (∼3%); the residual percentage is essential oils.
• BioPerine pairing: 5 mg piperine extract per serving. The Shoba 1998 study established that piperine increases curcumin bioavailability roughly 20-fold by inhibiting hepatic glucuronidation.
• Why 95% rather than “turmeric powder”: raw turmeric is ∼3% curcuminoids. To hit the 500–2000 mg daily curcuminoid dose used in clinical research, you’d need 15–60g of raw turmeric.
• Pesticide testing: mandatory (turmeric is grown in regions with active pesticide use, and lead-chromate adulteration has been a documented issue with cheaper material). We test for both.
• Used in: Curcumin 1000mg + BioPerine.

Glucose & AMPK — Berberine HCL

Berberine HCL

• Source: Indian Barberry root (Berberis aristata) and/or Goldenseal-related Berberis / Phellodendron extract — both yield the same berberine alkaloid.
• Form: berberine hydrochloride (HCl salt) — the form used in the Yin 2008 (Metabolism) and Lan 2015 meta-analysis trials.
• Standardization: ≥97% berberine HCl active alkaloid.
• Why HCl over sulfate: the HCl salt is the form with the most published clinical data; berberine sulfate has similar pharmacology but a thinner trial base.
• Pesticide testing: mandatory. Each batch tested.
• Drug-interaction note: berberine is a meaningful CYP3A4 inhibitor and can interact with statins, immunosuppressants, and many SSRIs. See our FAQ drug-interaction section before stacking.
• Used in: Berberine HCL 500 mg.

Antioxidants — Liposomal Vitamin C, Glutathione, Astaxanthin

Browse the Antioxidants collection.

Vitamin C (Liposomal)

• Form: L-ascorbic acid (the natural / dietary stereoisomer) encapsulated in phospholipid bilayer (liposome).
• Why liposomal: standard Vitamin C absorption plateaus at ∼500 mg per dose due to saturable SVCT1/SVCT2 transporters. Liposomal delivery bypasses that ceiling by entering enterocytes via passive bilayer fusion rather than transporter-mediated uptake (Davis 2016, Nutrition & Metabolic Insights).
• Phospholipid source: sunflower lecithin (non-GMO, soy-free).
• Encapsulation efficiency: ≥90% encapsulated — verified by particle-size and zeta-potential analysis.
• Used in: Liposomal Vitamin C 1000 mg.

Glutathione (Reduced GSH)

• Form: reduced L-Glutathione (GSH) — the active antioxidant form.
• Why reduced: some products use oxidized glutathione (GSSG) because it’s more stable, but it has to be reduced inside cells before it works. We use the active form, enteric-coated to survive stomach acid.
• Manufacturing: fermentation-derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GMP-certified facility.
• Standardization: ≥98% reduced GSH (with HPLC verification of reduced:oxidized ratio at release).
• Note on oral glutathione: oral GSH bioavailability is debated. The Richie 2015 (European Journal of Nutrition) trial showed that 1000 mg/day for 6 months raised body stores of glutathione; we dose at 500 mg with enteric coating to balance absorption and cost. For acute glutathione restoration, the GlyNAC pairing (glycine + NAC) is the more efficient route — oral GSH is best thought of as a supplement to that, not a replacement.
• Used in: Glutathione 500 mg.

Astaxanthin

• Source: Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae — the natural source (same source as wild salmon’s pink color). Not synthetic.
• Why natural: synthetic astaxanthin contains more inactive isomers and lacks the natural carotenoid co-spectrum. Natural H. pluvialis astaxanthin has the trans-isomer profile that matches what’s been studied in human trials (Park 2010 immune function, Tominaga 2017 skin moisture).
• Standardization: 12 mg natural astaxanthin per softgel.
• Cultivation: closed-system algae farms (the algae are sun-stressed and oxygen-deprived to trigger the protective astaxanthin overproduction that’s the entire commercial yield).
• Carrier oil: high-oleic safflower or sunflower oil (an astaxanthin oleoresin in a softgel needs an oil carrier; we avoid soy oil for allergen and GMO reasons).
• Used in: Astaxanthin 12 mg.

Beauty actives — Marine Collagen, Multi-Source Collagen, Biotin, HA

Browse the Beauty & Anti-Aging collection and Collagen collection.

Marine Collagen

• Source: wild-caught fish (skin and scales). Never farmed.
• Type: ∼90% Type I collagen — the dominant collagen in skin, hair, and nails.
• Hydrolysis: peptide size ∼2–3 kDa. The smallest commercially available oral collagen peptide size — fastest absorption.
• Heavy metals testing: mandatory for fish-derived ingredients. Each batch tested for lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic against California Prop 65 limits.
• Sustainability: sourced from fish parts that would otherwise go to waste in fishery operations. No species are caught specifically for collagen extraction.
• Allergen note: contains fish.
• Used in: Marine Collagen 5000 mg, Beauty & Longevity Stack Bundle.

Multi-Source Collagen (5 types: I, II, III, V, X)

• Type I: Marine + Bovine (combined for skin, hair, nails coverage).
• Type II: Chicken sternum extract — cartilage-specific, the type used in joint-support studies (the same form as undenatured UC-II in joint research).
• Type III: Bovine — works alongside Type I for skin elasticity and gut lining support.
• Types V & X: Eggshell membrane — contributes to hair texture, joint cushioning, and bone structure.
• Bovine sourcing: grass-fed cattle, hide-derived hydrolyzed peptides. Not gelatin (which is partially-hydrolyzed and absorbs more slowly).
• Hydrolysis: peptide size ∼3–5 kDa.
• Allergen note: contains fish, eggs.
• Used in: Multi Collagen Complex, Multi Collagen Peptides Powder.

Biotin

• Form: D-Biotin (the natural, biologically active stereoisomer).
• Standardization: ≥99% D-biotin.
• Manufacturing: chemical synthesis. Same molecule as the natural vitamin — D-biotin made synthetically is bioidentical to the form in food.
• Why high dose: 10,000 mcg sits at the upper end of the 2,500–10,000 mcg range studied for hair, nail, and skin outcomes.
• Lab interaction: high-dose biotin can interfere with thyroid and troponin lab assays (Henry 2019, JAMA). Skip biotin for 72 hours before bloodwork — your doctor will appreciate it.
• Used in: Biotin 10,000 mcg.

Hyaluronic Acid

• Form: sodium hyaluronate, pharmaceutical grade.
• Source: bacterial fermentation. No animal sourcing — vegan-suitable.
• Why fermentation: historically HA came from rooster combs. Modern manufacturing uses Streptococcus zooepidemicus fermentation, which is cleaner, more consistent, allergen-free for poultry-sensitive customers, and animal-free.
• Molecular weight: low molecular weight (<50 kDa) sodium hyaluronate — the fragment size with the strongest oral-bioavailability data (Kawada 2014, Nutrition Journal).
• Paired with Vitamin C: HA synthesis depends on prolyl-4-hydroxylase, a vitamin C–dependent enzyme. The pairing supports endogenous HA production.
• Used in: HA 200 mg + Vitamin C, Beauty & Longevity Stack.

Cofactor / bioavailability ingredients

BioPerine (Black Pepper Extract)

• Form: BioPerine® from Sabinsa — the patent-grade piperine extract used in >40 human clinical trials.
• Standardization: ≥95% piperine.
• Why patent-grade specifically: generic piperine is widely available, but BioPerine’s solvent profile, particle-size spec, and bioavailability data are what the published trials are built on. Any time a label says “black pepper extract” without naming BioPerine, the dose-response relationship to the published trial data is uncertain.
• Used in: Curcumin + BioPerine, Apigenin + BioPerine.

Capsule shells, excipients, and what we deliberately don’t use

Capsule shells

• Default: vegetable cellulose (HPMC — hydroxypropyl methylcellulose). Vegan, kosher, halal, no animal sourcing.
• Softgels (used for oil-soluble actives like astaxanthin and fish oil): bovine gelatin from grass-fed sources, or fish-derived gelatin. Vegan softgel alternatives (carrageenan-based) are used where the active permits.
• Enteric-coated capsules (e.g., glutathione): plant-based enteric polymer (typically methacrylic acid copolymers) — vegan-suitable, dissolves in the small intestine rather than the stomach.

Excipients we do use (and why)

• Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC): plant-derived bulking agent, completely inert. Used at the minimum needed to fill the capsule.
• Magnesium stearate (vegetable-source): flow agent at typical 0.5–2% inclusion. Used in nearly every supplement and pharmaceutical capsule worldwide; the “magnesium stearate is dangerous” claim is not supported by current toxicology data, but we keep it minimal.
• Silicon dioxide: anti-caking agent, used at <1% to keep powders flowing. Inert food-grade material.
• Rice hull / rice flour: vegan bulking agent for capsule fills where MCC isn’t suitable.

Excipients and additives we do NOT use

• Titanium dioxide (banned by EFSA 2022 as a food additive; we don’t use it in any capsule shell or coating).
• Artificial colors (FD&C dyes Red 40, Yellow 5/6, Blue 1).
• Aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, saccharin (in our drink-mix products we use stevia leaf extract or natural fruit acids).
• Hydrogenated oils or trans fats.
• BHA, BHT, propyl gallate (synthetic antioxidant preservatives).
• “Proprietary blends” that hide individual active doses.

Manufacturing standards (every product)

• GMP-certified facilities (Good Manufacturing Practice, 21 CFR Part 111) — the regulatory baseline for dietary supplements in the US, EU, and most major markets.
• NSF and/or USP audited facilities where the manufacturer holds the certification.
• Third-party batch testing at ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratories for active ingredient identity, potency, heavy metals, microbial contamination, and pesticide residue (where applicable).
• Full label disclosure. Every active is dose-disclosed in milligrams. No “proprietary blends.”
• Stability handling. Opaque bottles, integrated desiccant for moisture-sensitive actives (NMN, vitamin C, glutathione), dated batches, expiration tracking.
• Tamper-evident sealing. Induction-sealed cap on every bottle; do not use any product where the seal is broken or missing.

Per-batch testing protocol (summary table)

How to verify a specific batch (Certificate of Analysis)

If you want to verify the testing data for the specific batch you have, email kdtatt@gmail.com with:

1. Your order number.
2. The product name (or product link).
3. The batch / lot code printed on the bottle — usually on the bottom or on the side label, formatted like LOT-2026-04-XXXX or similar.
4. The expiration date printed on the bottle.

We’ll send you the Certificate of Analysis (CoA) for that lot — a single PDF showing every test result, with the lab name, date, methods, and accreditation number on the cover page. If the lot data isn’t the one you received, we’ll fix the discrepancy and refund or replace the bottle. See the Refund Policy and 30-Day Guarantee for the broader return commitment.

Country-of-origin transparency

Most of our active ingredients have a primary global production region driven by where the source plant grows or where the patent-grade fermentation facility operates. Where the country of origin is consistent across our supply, we publish it here:

Sustainability & ethics

• Wild-caught fish sourcing (collagen, fish oil) is restricted to fisheries certified by MarinTrust (formerly IFFO RS), Friend of the Sea, or equivalent — these certifications require sustainable harvest quotas, bycatch limits, and traceable chain-of-custody.
• Plant ingredients are sourced from suppliers with documented farm-level traceability where economically feasible. For high-volume commodity ingredients (e.g., turmeric) we accept the regional aggregator model used by all reputable manufacturers; for KSM-66 ashwagandha and similar patented extracts the contract-farming model means we can name the growing region down to the state.
• Animal-derived ingredients (bovine collagen, gelatin softgel shells) come from grass-fed sources where specified. We do not use ingredients derived from CAFO-raised animals or sourced from regions with documented welfare violations.
• Packaging: our default bottle is opaque PET for shelf stability of light-sensitive actives. PET is recyclable through curbside programs in most US municipalities. We’re evaluating glass and rPET (post-consumer recycled PET) for the next packaging refresh.

Vegan / vegetarian / allergen status (per product)

All of our products that don’t use animal-derived actives or animal-derived softgel shells are vegan. The exceptions are explicit on the product page and summarized here:

• Not vegan (animal-derived active or shell): Marine Collagen, Multi-Collagen Complex, Multi-Collagen Powder, Beauty & Longevity Stack (contains marine collagen), Astaxanthin softgel (gelatin), Omega-3 Fish Oil softgel, Vitamin D3 (lanolin-derived).
• Vegan / vegetarian: all NMN, NR, NAD+, resveratrol, pterostilbene, fisetin, quercetin, apigenin, PQQ, urolithin A, CoQ10, ALA, TMG, magnesium glycinate, glycine, NAC, CaAKG, taurine, creatine, ashwagandha, curcumin, berberine, liposomal vitamin C, glutathione, biotin, hyaluronic acid, K2 MK-7, spermidine.
• Allergen flags (contains the allergen):
  • Wheat / gluten: Spermidine (wheat germ extract).
  • Fish: Marine Collagen, Multi-Collagen products, Omega-3 Fish Oil.
  • Eggs: Multi-Collagen Complex / Powder (eggshell membrane source for Type V/X).
  • Soy: none of our current products use soy lecithin or soy protein.
  • Dairy: none.
  • Tree nuts / peanuts: none.

Always check the actual product page and bottle label before purchasing; allergen status is locked at the formulation level.

Ingredients we deliberately do not carry (yet)

Transparency cuts both ways. Here are the longevity-adjacent ingredients we’ve looked at and decided not to carry, and why:

• Rapamycin / sirolimus: prescription drug. Repurposing-for-longevity research is promising (Mannick, Kraig, etc.) but this is not a dietary supplement and we will not sell it.
• Metformin: prescription drug. Same reasoning.
• Senolytic dasatinib (D+Q protocols): dasatinib is prescription-only. We carry the Q (quercetin) and the F (fisetin) but not D.
• Stem-cell “activator” supplements making structure-function claims: the evidence base is weak.
• “Telomerase activator” products (TA-65 etc.): single-supplier dependent and insufficient independent trial data at this point.
• Synthetic NAD+ precursors not in human trials: we wait for at least Phase II human safety data before stocking.

If a longevity ingredient with a strong human-trial evidence base isn’t in our catalog, ask — we’ll tell you whether it’s in active sourcing review or whether we’ve specifically passed and why.

Why this beats “same ingredient on Amazon”

The most common question we get is whether you can buy “the same NMN” or “the same resveratrol” for less on Amazon. The answer is: sometimes the molecule is the same, but the spec almost never is. Specifically:

• The active isomer is rarely declared. Amazon listings for “NMN 99% purity” almost never specify β-NMN; resveratrol listings almost never specify trans-isomer percentage; biotin listings almost never specify D-biotin.
• Third-party testing is rare. The 2022–2023 Labdoor and Consumer Reports surveys of Amazon-bestseller longevity supplements found roughly half failed identity or potency testing.
• Counterfeit and grey-market product mixed with legitimate inventory. Amazon’s commingled inventory model means the bottle you receive may not have come through the brand’s own supply chain.
• No CoA on request. Try emailing an Amazon-only seller for the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis. Most don’t respond; the few who do typically send the manufacturer’s generic spec sheet, not the actual batch test result.

That’s the gap this page is trying to close. If you ever receive a product from us where the spec on this page doesn’t match the bottle, we want to hear about it — that’s a refund and a discontinuation event, not a customer-service call.

Related reading

Quality & Sourcing · Our Science — Hallmarks of Aging · How It Works — First Order to Month 6 · Getting Started · Protocols — Stacks by Goal · FAQ · 30-Day Guarantee · Refund Policy · Shipping Policy · Terms of Service.

Browse the catalog

Most Popular · Foundational Health · NAD+ Family · NMN · Senolytics · Mitochondrial Renewal · Cardiovascular Longevity · Brain & Cognitive Longevity · Metabolic · Collagen · Antioxidants · Skin Protocol · Beauty & Anti-Aging · Fertility · Longevity Essentials · Starter Bundles · All Products.

Primary references for sourcing claims

1. Martens CR, et al. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nature Communications 2018;9:1286. (NR human trial — clinical-grade nicotinamide riboside chloride.)
2. Yoshino J, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science 2021;372(6547):1224–1229. (NMN human trial — β-NMN spec.)
3. Yamaguchi S, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of NMN supplementation in middle-aged and older adults. Nutrients 2022;14(9):1854.
4. Howitz KT, et al. Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature 2003;425:191–196. (Resveratrol sirtuin activation.)
5. Andreux PA, et al. The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans. Nature Metabolism 2019;1:595–603.
6. Yousefzadeh MJ, et al. Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan. EBioMedicine 2018;36:18–28. (Fisetin senolytic spec.)
7. Sekhar RV. GlyNAC supplementation improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, aging hallmarks, metabolic defects, muscle strength, cognitive decline, and body composition. Antioxidants 2021;10(11):1740. (Glycine + NAC pairing.)
8. Mortensen SA, et al. The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO. JACC Heart Failure 2014;2(6):641–649. (CoQ10 ubiquinone form.)
9. Ziegler D, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34(9):2054–2060. (Racemic ALA.)
10. Lan J, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2015;161:69–81. (Berberine HCl.)
11. Knapen MHJ, et al. Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. Thrombosis & Haemostasis 2015;113(5):1135–1144. (Vitamin K2 MK-7.)
12. Chandrasekhar K, et al. A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 2012;34(3):255–262. (KSM-66 ashwagandha.)
13. Shoba G, et al. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Medica 1998;64(4):353–356. (BioPerine + curcumin pharmacokinetics.)
14. Singh P, et al. Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science 2023;380(6649):eabn9257.
15. Asadi Shahmirzadi A, et al. Alpha-ketoglutarate, an endogenous metabolite, extends lifespan and compresses morbidity in aging mice. Cell Metabolism 2020;32(3):447–456. (CaAKG longevity rationale.)
16. Eisenberg T, et al. Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine. Nature Medicine 2016;22(12):1428–1438.
17. Forbes SC, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on properties of muscle, bone, and brain function in older adults. Nutrients 2022;14(20):4408. (Creatine longevity / sarcopenia.)
18. Dyerberg J, et al. Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids 2010;83(3):137–141. (Triglyceride vs ethyl ester omega-3.)

This page is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice. These statements have not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Our products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Consult your physician before starting any supplement, especially if you have a medical condition, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or take prescription medication. Specific batch sourcing and country of origin can change between lots; the most current data for the lot you received is available via the Certificate of Analysis on request.